Review of Relations Between Neighborhood and Mental Health

Introduction

The 21st century is an era characterized past crumbling and urbanization, and these characteristics are more prominent in developing countries. According to the Globe Health Organisation (WHO), the proportion of seniors (aged 60 years and older) to the global population volition reach 22% in 2050 (1). Both the crumbling charge per unit (Proportion of Population ages 65 and above) (2) and urbanization rate (Proportion of Urban Population) (3) in China, are higher than the global average. Improving the physical and mental wellness of the older adults in urban areas has get an important issue in People's republic of china.

Numerous studies conducted in adult countries have demonstrated that greenspace exposure is related to wide-ranging wellness benefits, including meliorate mental health and physical wellness (4–15). In terms of mental well-being, exposure of residents to greenspaces may enhance their feelings of happiness and salve their stress from negative events (16, 17). In terms of physical well-being, exposure to greenspaces has an active part in reducing morbidity from multiple diseases (18–20). Several studies that focused on greenspaces in China explored the relationship between neighborhood environment and residents' well-being (21–25), which reported positive relationship between neighborhood greenspaces and residents' well-beingness, peculiarly in terms of mental wellness.

Overall, virtually studies associating greenspaces and health accept been conducted in developed countries. By contrast, other studies in developing countries, such equally People's republic of china, have focused particularly on relationship betwixt greenspaces and residents' mental health using just a unmarried greenness metrics, which could have maybe resulted in biased estimations of indicators (26). In addition, in the face of growing older population, research on the association between neighborhood greenery and older adults' mental and physical well-being is relatively lacking.

This study aimed to address this gap and conducted a cross-sectional empirical research using survey information nerveless from 20 neighborhoods in Guangzhou Metropolis, People's republic of china, a highly populated city characterized past rapid urbanization and a big proportion of immigrant populations (27), to explore the pathways that link neighborhood greenspaces and older individuals' physical and mental well-being. This study makes the following contributions to cognition on this topic. First, information technology focused especially on older adults in China and used multidimensional survey questions to appraise older adults' mental and physical health status to disentangle the aging issues from neighborhood greenspace perspective. 2nd, both neighborhood normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from bird'due south eye-view and streetscape greenery from human eye-level metrics were measured to quantify neighborhood greenery well. 3rd, it adopted the multigroup structural equation model in exploring the differences in pathways amid older adults with dissimilar demographic backgrounds.

Literature Review

The pathway machinery betwixt greenspaces and health includes direct and mediating pathways that may exist different among individuals with different sociodemographic backgrounds.

Numerous studies take revealed the pathway that greenspace exposure straight relates to residents' mental and physical health. In terms of physical health, green in the center of the colour spectrum is more than beneficial to human health, especially to the brain and the nervous system than the other colors (28). Moreover, empirical research accept shown that natural environments can effectively alleviate headaches past 52% (29). In terms of mental wellness, visually seeing greenery or green plants lonely tin aid relieve tension and feet, and inhaling plants' essential oils tin induce changes in psychological state, thereby affecting the psychological stability of the homo body (30–33). Given that natural environments are less complicated than urban environments, greenery is conducive in reducing an individual'due south stress levels and in restoring attention (34–37). These findings have been verified past multiple empirical studies in China (21, 22) and in other developed countries, such equally kingdom of the netherlands (38) and the United States (39).

In terms of mediating pathways, mediators, such as air pollution, social interactions, and physical activities, also mediate the clan between neighborhood greenspaces and residents' well-beingness. Air pollution, such as nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate thing (such as PM_ii.v), and ozone, has negative health furnishings, and many studies have demonstrated the negative association between surrounding greenspaces and air pollution (40–42). Greenspaces tin can help in mitigating urban microclimates and effectively reducing urban environmental pollution and filtering health-threatening air pollutants by sticking wind-blown particulates, such as PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, to institute leaves and stems (43–45). Meanwhile, long-term exposure to air pollution such as PM2.5 is related to increased all-crusade and cardiopulmonary mortality (46, 47), as well as mental disorders (48, 49). An empirical enquiry conducted in Toronto, Canada showed that green roofs on downtown buildings contribute positively to the wellness of citizens via the air pollution mitigation (50). In summary, greenspaces can effectively improve air quality, and thereby ameliorating residents' health.

The second mediating pathway is via physical activities. Neighborhood greenspaces can be used every bit a space for physical activities, such every bit walking, jogging, or cycling, for residents. Greenspaces positively link to individuals' healthy behavior by encouraging them to do concrete activities (51, 52). Meanwhile, concrete activities benefits health and well-being of individuals from all ages (53). Furthermore, concrete exercises performed in greenspaces may produce more health benefits than when done in other environments (54, 55), and limited greenspaces are positively related to sedentary lifestyle, which increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases due to obesity (56). Therefore, the greenspaces could positively link to positive health outcomes via physical exercise.

The tertiary mediating pathway is associated with social interactions. Studies take shown that exposure to greenery may facilitate neighborhood social interactions that may foster the residents' well-being (21, 38, 57). Since greenspace may function as a identify for social interactions, it may human action equally an intermediary variable that links the light-green environment to residents' health, promote social cohesion by providing a meeting place where people can engage in community activities (58, 59), and assistance residents obtain social back up and reduce feelings of loneliness, thereby reducing stress and fatigue. Such spaces have an indirect positive relationship with mental health (60). Neighborhood greenspaces are particularly essential to aging generation because seniors are by and large less mobile and have express activity spaces and smaller social networks than the other historic period groups (59). In addition, harmonious social relationships, specially adept neighborhood relationships, can promote residents' physical well-being (61, 62).

Based on this literature review, the hypothesis of this written report is that neighborhood greenspaces have a direct or indirect linking path with the physical and mental health of the older adults. On the one mitt, neighborhood greenspaces directly acquaintance with older adults' physical and mental health. On the other mitt, neighborhood greenspaces positively relate to older adults' concrete and mental wellness via neighborhood air quality and older adults' physical do and social interaction.

The theoretical structural equation model below was built on the basis of these hypotheses (Figure one).

Figure one. Theoretical pathways of the study.

Withal, this association between neighborhood greenspace and wellness may differ among individuals with different socio-demographic characteristics, since they have various opportunities and motivations to access greenspace (60). In terms of income, studies have shown that depression-income individuals are more sensitive to greenspace exposure (63), since low-income communities are more than likely to have limited access to green spaces (64). As for the age, multiple researches take shown that the health status and health related behaviors of older adults are relatively more than related to neighborhood greenspace than other age groups (19, 65, 66), since they tend to spend more time in the communities (67). Regarding gender, since at that place are gender differences in perceptions and usage of urban light-green spaces, the wellness of female individuals are more related to greenspaces than males (68). Even so, there are few studies focused on the association differences among individuals with different marriage and registered residence status (hukou).

Report Blueprint

Data Source and Characteristics

Study Area and Survey Data

A multi-stage stratified probability proportionate to population size sampling technique (PPS) was adopted to select respondents. First, on the basis of the Sixth National Population Census data in China and previous inquiry (69), Guangzhou was divided into six types of social areas of older adults as shown in Table 1. Subsequently, 19 streets (jiedao) from these six social areas were selected, focusing on areas with the highest score on factors of interest, and 20 case study neighborhoods were called with more than than 10% elderly populations (aged 60 and older). The neighborhoods covered six dissimilar housing types in Guangzhou Metropolis: historic housing, institutional housing, affordable housing, rural self-built housing, commercial housing, and urban village housing (Table 1, Figure 2). Second, with the number of questionnaires in each neighborhood based on the percentage of its older adults population, a total of 972 valid questionnaire surveys of randomly selected residents who had lived in Guangzhou for over half-dozen months and anile sixty and older were conducted by a trained interviewer via face-to-face interview from December 2018 to April 2019. All respondents involved in this study gave their informed consent, and our study has been approved by institutional review board of school of geography and planning, Lord's day Yat-sen Academy. The questionnaire covered data on individuals' economic and social attributes, physical and mental health status, concrete action, and social interactions.

Table i. Geographical characteristics and sample size of the 20 example study neighborhoods.

Figure ii. Locations and administrative boundaries of the 20 neighborhoods in Guangzhou City, China sampled in this study.

Greenspace Data

We acquired streetscape greenery information and NDVI to measure the corporeality of greenery from street and overhead views in each neighborhood, respectively. The streetscape greenery data were gathered via field surveys in these neighborhoods from March 2019 to Apr 2019. The data were from obtained from digital photographs taken from sampling points and calculated using the "Maoyanxiangxian" streetscape greenery calculation application. The sampling points were 20 m apart and identified along roads and alleys in and around the neighborhoods from 0, 90, 180, and 270°facing due north at a normal view of a human (1.6 m) (seventy, 71). A total of 2,544 street view images were collected from 636 sampling points.

The satellite-based NDVI (72) of each neighborhood was calculated on the basis of ane,000 one thousand buffer effectually the boundary of the authoritative district of Guangzhou Community Neighborhood Committee and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager Thermal Infrared Sensor satellite remote sensing image at a thirty × 30 yard spatial resolution in Oct 2017 with only 0.05 deject cover using Formula 1 from Geospatial Information Cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn) (73). NDVI was calculated as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{NDVI}=\left(\text{NIRband}5\text{ - Redband}4\right)/(\text{NIRband}5+\text{Redband}\mathrm{four}).\end{array}$

Mediators

Data on mediators, including degree of air pollution in each neighborhood concrete activeness and social interactions, of older adults are were caused via field surveys and questionnaires.

The level of physical activeness of each older adult was determined past the boilerplate time spent on physical exercises, such as walking, per mean solar day from the questionnaire survey. The unit of measurement was hour.

Social cohesion tin be defined in several ways. In this study, we focused on relatively weak social ties of customs network. The level of social interaction was determined by asking each senior on what level they agree with the statements that "I know many people in the customs" and "I am willing to communicate with community members." The five categories of responses were "Strongly agree," "Agree," "Not decided," "Disagree," and "Strongly Disagree" and coded into v–1, respectively. The social interaction variable was treated as a latent variable.

We used PM_two.v concentrations obtained in each neighborhood to assess the seniors' exposure to air pollution and recorded at the aforementioned sampling points with streetscape greenery. The event was calculated from the average of PM_two.5 concentration in each neighborhood.

Analysis Method

Multiple studies explored the pathway between greenery and residents' health by adopting multi-quantitative inquiry methods, such as the structural equation model adopted cantankerous-sectional report (27, 71) and the multilevel linear regression adopted in longitudinal written report (5). This present cross-sectional study adopted the structural equation model in Amos 21.0 based on maximum likelihood estimates to examination if the theoretical pathways (Effigy 1) fit the elderly population in Chinese context and explore the pathways between neighborhood greenspaces and older adults' concrete and mental health.

To evaluate the reliability of questionnaire data, we conducted reliability analysis on the same type of questionnaire data by using SPSS 21.0. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of social interaction and physical and mental health status as calculated by SPSS were 0.738, 0.912, and 0.939, respectively, indicating that similar questions in the questionnaire had high consistency, good reliability, and substantial research value. In terms of validity, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of the selected data was 0.904 (greater than 0.9) and thus passed the Bartlett sphericity test at the 99.9% confidence level, suggesting that the selected questionnaire information structure had good validity.

Results

Descriptions of the Written report Population and Greenery Measures

The characteristics of the neighborhoods and study populations are summarized in Table 2 without whatever missing value. Almost half of the respondents were male person (43.i%), and 78.ane% were young seniors (60–74 years quondam). Well-nigh one 3rd (31.9%) of the respondents with the monthly income below two,100 yuan (co-ordinate to the minimum wage standard in Guangzhou) belong to depression-income grouping; 77.2% were married, and 69.0% had consistent registered residence status (hukou) with their living address, which means they are local residents.

Table 2. Summary statistics for all studied variables.

The median scores for neighborhood streetscape greenery and NDVI were 0.174 and 0.134, respectively. No statistical correlation was observed between these variables (r = 0.035, p = 0.4314), which justifies using them equally two dissever appreciable indicators in the structural equation model (Figure 3). The standard deviation (SD) and 25–75 quantile correspond variation and the dispersion degree of the data. In terms of mediators, the average time spent on concrete exercise of all respondents are about one and half hours, with a standard divergence of i.056 h, indicating a relatively large variance. The average social interaction score and the median neighborhood PM_ii.5 concentration were 3.806 (SD = 0.790) and 61.690 μg/mⁱⁱⁱ respectively, which is higher than WHO air quality guideline for PM_2.5 24-h concentrations (25 μg/mⁱⁱⁱ) (74). With regard to wellness outcomes, the boilerplate scores of physical and mental health were 3.421 (SD: 0.855) and 3.950 (SD: 0.754), respectively, indicating relatively skilful overall wellness status among the respondents.

Figure iii. Modified structural equation model and results.

Model Modifications and Fit

The RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) value of the initial theoretical structural equation model was uncommonly high. On the basis of the revised index MI and t values suggested by the Amos software, modifications of the model were fabricated separately and once a time. The model was analyzed to determine whether the corrections were reasonable by comparison the model fettle index and the Chi-square value earlier and after the corrections and by ensuring that the model had practical theoretical importance. The modifications involved increasing notable impact paths, such equally the bear upon path betwixt mental and physical health, and deleting observation variables and their paths that practise not make a meaningful contribution and remained the loads of the observed variable loading factors of mental and concrete health were higher than 0.71. After modifications, the SEM showed a sufficiently proficient fit to the information: GFI (Goodness-of-fit index) = 0.978 (>0.ix) and RMSEA = 0.039 (<0.05). The results and modification are shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.

Table 3. Standardized estimates and the significance level of modified structural equation model.

Model Results

In terms of direct relationships, neighborhood NDVI was not statistically significantly associated with older adults' neither the physical nor mental health at the 95% conviction level. With regard to mediating associations, neighborhood streetscape greenery was positively related to older adults' boilerplate time spent on physical activity but negatively related to neighborhood PM_two.v concentrations at the 99.9% confidence interval. Neighborhood NDVI was positively related to older adults' social interaction at the 95% confidence interval just negatively related to neighborhood PM_two.five concentrations at the 99.9% confidence interval. Older adults' concrete activity and level of social interaction were positively associated with their physical and mental health, respectively, at the 99.9% confidence level. Moreover, older adults' mental health was positively related to their physical health at the 99.nine% confidence level.

The significant positive association pathways which are consistent with hypothesis includes "streetscape greenery—physical exercise—physical health," "neighborhood NDVI—social interaction—mental health," and the positive association between mental and physical health is newly found. The adjacent pace is to analyze the difference of these association pathways among elderly individuals with diverse socio-demographic characteristics.

Multigroup Analysis

On the basis of the SEM developed higher up, which is applicative to the entire older adults' group, the less meaning (p > 0.05) pathways were deleted with only meaningful pathways remained (Effigy 4). Command variables of different incomes, gender, marital status and registered residence condition (hukou) were grouped as the same criteria (Table iv) to perform multigroup SEM analysis (Multi-Group Analysis) and further explore differences in the pathways between two corresponding groups.

Effigy 4. Structural equation model used for multigroup assay.

Table 4. Standardized estimates and the significance level of unconstrained model of multigroup analyses.

Four models, namely, unconstrained model, measurement weights restricted model, structural weights restricted model, and measurement residuals restricted model, were calculated and fitted well (GFI > 0.9, RMESA < 0.05). A significant difference (p < 0.05) in Chi-square value between the unrestricted and measurement residuals restricted models denotes differences between two corresponding groups. The Chi-foursquare value of the unrestricted and restricted models significantly increased (p < 0.05) regarding income, gender, marital condition, and registered residence status (hukou), indicating that these variables had a significant regulating outcome.

In comparison the pathways betwixt ii respective groups of pregnant divergence, critical ratios for differences between parameters are used for comparing when both paths are significant. When the critical ratio for difference between parameters was <i.96 (at the 95% conviction interval and higher), the 2 respective pathways were considered equal and vice versa. If ane pathway is significant (p < 0.05) while the respective 1 is not (p ≥ 0.05), these pathways are considered different. If 2 respective pathways are considered different in either way mentioned above, they are marked in bold in Table 4. In terms of income, the results showed that the level of social interactions of individuals belonging to depression-income groups was more strongly associated with neighborhood NDVI, but it had no association with their mental health status. In terms of gender, the physical and mental health of female older adults were more significantly related to boilerplate fourth dimension spent on physical practice and level of social interaction than that of male elderly. With regard to marital condition, the level of social interaction of married older adults showed a meaning human relationship with neighborhood greenery (at the 99% confidence interval) and significant linkage to mental health (at the 95% confidence interval). By contrast, the social interaction level in unmarried older adults' group showed neither meaning association with neighborhood greenery indicators nor exhibited pregnant association with their mental health. With regard to registered residence status (hukou), the level of social interaction of local groups showed no significant relationship with neighborhood greenery metrics only exhibited significant clan with their mental health. Among non-local groups, the level of social interaction was neither significantly positively linked to neighborhood streetscape greenery nor to their mental health.

Discussion

Consistent with previous studies, the present study confirmed that the mediating pathways where neighborhood greenspaces accept a positive relationship concrete and mental health via physical exercise and social interactions, respectively (55, threescore, 75). By adopting the research methods including establishing a theoretical SEM on the ground of the results of previous studies and modifying it accordingly to achieve proficient model fit. We used the modified model to explore and clarify the internal logical relationships and pathways between greenspaces and the concrete and mental health of the older adults in twenty residential neighborhoods in China. We conducted a multigroup analysis to explore whether and how the relationships between neighborhood greenspaces and the well-beingness of the older adults was unlike among five command groups. The results of the nowadays report extend the noesis on this topic in the post-obit aspects. First, this study was the first to systematically investigate the pathways that link neighborhood greenspaces and the concrete and mental wellness of the older adults in a densely populated Chinese city. Second, this study investigated differences in pathways among various command groups of older adults. Third, the study made a methodological contribution by adopting both bird's-eye view NDVI and human being-scale streetscape greenery to measure neighborhood greenness.

The Association Between Neighborhood Greenspace and Older Adults' Well-Being

Neighborhood greenspaces are positively related to older adults' concrete health via physical activity. Existing research by and large agrees that neighborhood greenspaces encourage residents to engage in physical activities (such every bit walk, run, cycle, and other sports) and provide more opportunities for people to practise, thereby increasing the average fourth dimension they spend on physical activities (60). Numerous studies conducted in developed countries back up the positive clan between greenspaces and concrete activity amidst adults (76–78) and children (75). For case, a study in the UK suggested the urban greenspaces are valuable resources to encourage physical activeness among children (75). A report in Europe found that big expanses of greenery in residential environments promote more physical activities amidst adults (77). The present written report expands these conclusions to the order residents possibly because they no longer work and spend more than time in their neighborhoods. Hence, the clan between neighborhood greenspaces with their level of concrete activity is more prominent. Older adults who are willing to exercise physical exercises often participate in morn exercises, group dancing, and other sports in open neighborhood greenspaces, but those who practice not participate in such activities still walk effectually the neighborhood. Copse beside neighborhood lanes provide shade and make their walk enjoyable, thereby promoting concrete practise. Some suburban seniors all the same work as farmers, which is besides a form of physical practice. Previous studies also suggested that high levels of concrete exercise are associated with good concrete and mental health (79, 80). The nowadays report proved this theory in terms of physical wellness: the longer the older adults do frequently has better physical health than those who are mostly sedentary. Studies have shown that physical activities among older adults tin preserve musculus mass and reduce age-related decrease in metabolic rate (81), which tin can potentially upshot in reducing morbidity and bloodshed and postponing disability (82). Yet, the present study found no statistically significant relationships betwixt the elderly's concrete activity and their mental health. A possible explanation is that different intensities of physical activity may have a unlike relationship with older adults' mental health, and intense activity may lead to mood variation and mental deterioration which are more related to the construct of depression (83). Notwithstanding, this written report did non consider of the intensity of activeness.

Neighborhood greenspaces are positively associated with older adults' mental health via social interactions. Multiple empirical studies in both developed and developing countries have demonstrated that neighborhood greenspaces, as a meeting place for social interactions, have a positive relation to social cohesion (58, 59). Some of these studies were conducted in the netherlands that covered all age groups to a higher place 12 years old (57) and crumbling populations aged 60 years and older (59). A similar written report was conducted in Commonwealth of australia that focused on age groups between twenty and 65 years sometime (84). Another report was performed in Red china that concentrated on adults (21). Other works also found a positive relationship betwixt social cohesion and mental wellness (85) and physical health (62). The present study reaffirmed this pathway to mental health in the context of the older adults in Communist china. In Guangzhou Urban center, nigh seniors walk together to chat or drink tea almost every 24-hour interval, and the street greenery makes their walks more comfy, especially during the summer. They meet with friends to accustom each other in greenspaces where the conditions are cooler. These are places where they play cards and chess. Old tall trees serve equally their shade from the lord's day. The onetime adults from suburban areas flock in greenspaces to share their experiences at work. Social interactions can positively bear on the older adults' perception of their aging status and their own sense of value in their neighborhoods, thereby promoting their mental wellness (86). Moreover, social interactions can alleviate the older adults' emotional bug through continuous and meaningful interactions with social members. These interactions increment their feelings of positive emotions and thus positively assembly with their mental health (87). Even so, the nowadays study did not find pregnant linkages betwixt social contacts and concrete health amid older adults. A possible explanation behind this result is that the definition of social contacts in this study was slightly different from the concept of social cohesion in terms of strength of social ties (88). In improver, social interaction may accept detrimental furnishings, since more interaction may result in more than confliction than the counterparts (89).

The hypothesis that neighborhood greenspaces are positively associated with the older adults' physical and mental health by reducing air pollution was not supported because the results showed that neighborhood greenspaces were negatively related to neighborhood PM_two.5 concentrations, but this parameter exhibited no meaning linkage to older adults' concrete and mental health. This outcome contradicted that of several theoretical (10, 90) and empirical studies (71, 91). Especially for older adults, existing studies suggest that PM2.5 concentration is significantly related to their respiratory system (92) and elderly is a susceptible population to PM_ii.5 associated diseases (93–95) and PM_2.5 related depressive and feet symptoms (96). A possible reason for this contradiction is that the clan betwixt health and air pollution could just exist demonstrated after a relatively long-term exposure (97–99), and certain diseases, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease such equally asthma, and cancer (92, 100, 101), which takes a while to manifest, while this study is cross-sectional. Moreover, both the mental and concrete health status acquired in this written report was self-rated. Some other possible explanation is that PM_2.5 concentrations are varying over time. The information obtained in this study only reflected the status of air quality during measurement; thus, the short period of air quality measurement led to bias in data collection.

The present study did not observe stiff and significant direct clan between neighborhood greenspaces and older adults' well-being. This upshot contradicted that of previous studies (21). According to the literature, neighborhood greenery is positively related to an individual'due south physical (102, 103) and mental health (21). A possible reason behind this inconsistency is that the association between short-term effects of exposure to greenspaces and long-term physical and mental wellness of older adults is non meaning. About existing studies focused on the association between greenspaces and a specific health aspect instead of overall health status. For case, a study that examined short-term changes in vascular run a risk factors plant a positive relationship between urban greenish environments and health (102). This cross-sectional study had a smaller telescopic and encompassed a shorter time period. Another possible explanation is that not all plants can take beneficial effects on residents' wellness, and some plants that are toxic, attract insects, or hands become allergens really accept negative effects on their residents (104).

An unexpected upshot was obtained by the nowadays written report: the mental health of older adults was positively associated with their physical health. An empirical study in Commonwealth of australia showed that positive attitudes to aging are associated with positive cocky-reported concrete health status (105). Older adults with strong mental health condition and positive self-recognition are more likely to have splendid physical wellness.

The Association Pathway Amid Older Adults With Different Sociodemographic Characteristics

We performed a multigroup analysis to explore the differences among older adults with different sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, the "neighborhood greenspace—physical practise—physical health" pathway is meaning in all older adults' grouping except male group. While the "neighborhood greenspace—social interaction—mental health" pathway is dramatically dissimilar amid the respective groups. The level of social interaction of individuals belonging to low-income grouping was more significantly associated with neighborhood greenspaces probably because of limited expendable funds they have to pay for social activities outside their neighborhoods and unfamiliarity to their external surroundings, indicating that they are more than dependent on freely accessible neighborhood greenspaces. However, the social interaction parameter was not significantly associated with their mental health status probably results from social exclusion due to their disadvantaged social status. Equally for female person older adults, their mental and concrete health are more than significantly associated with social interaction physical practice, respectively, than those of male elderly. While the social interaction level of the male group is more significantly linked to the neighborhood NDVI than the female group, probably because most male older adults communicate with friends inside the neighborhood greenspace than female. With regard to unmarried elderly, the association of neighborhood green spaces on their level of social interaction was not significant considering their interactions with shut friends is not necessarily express to neighborhood greenspaces and they tend to accept more liberty to go outside the neighborhood. In terms of registered residency status, the level of social interaction of the non-local groups was neither significantly related to neighborhood greenery nor to their mental health. A possible caption is that the social network of these not-local older adults remains in their onetime residence, and the neighborhood network here seems strange to them. In general, older adults, particularly those who belong to depression-income group, have express spaces for activities and socializing that is why they are more dependent on neighborhood greenspaces, a supposition consistent with that of previous studies (106, 107).

Strengths and Limitations

The nowadays study was one of the first to examine the association pathways between neighborhood greenspaces and older adults' physical and mental health in a Chinese city. This study has two main strengths. First, we adopted two metrics of neighborhood greenery, namely, bird's-heart view and human view, to minimize statistical bias. Second, we concentrated on older adults with different sociodemographic characteristics to place differences among groups and focus on vulnerable groups.

This written report has several limitations that must be addressed in a future work. Starting time, it is a written report based on cross-exclusive information and research design, which may overestimate the clan make it difficult to infer causation between neighborhood greenspace and older adults' well-being. 2d, streetscape and PM_2.v information were collected via field surveys and with relatively limited sample sizes. Hence, the data may lack accurateness. Other data conquering methods, such as calculating the boilerplate almanac air pollution concentration from secondary information sources (71), extracting street view images from maps (27, 70) and focusing on the respiratory morbidity of older adults, may meliorate the accurateness and notice meaningful upshot. Tertiary, the wellness outcomes were determined from subjective questionnaire surveys. Objective health outcomes, such every bit BMI and morbidity, may be more reliable. Moreover, the greenspace accessibility analysis besides as the association pathways analysis amongst communities with different housing nature could be as well taken into consideration in the hereafter research with larger sample size.

Conclusions and Recommendations

On the basis of review of literature on greenspaces and residents' well-being, we constructed an SEM linking neighborhood greenspaces and older adults' physical and mental health condition. We obtained primary data from 972 urban and rural elderly populations and streetscape greenery and PM_2.v concentration data from field surveys of 20 residential neighborhoods in Guangzhou City from 2018 to 2019. We also gathered secondary data from neighborhood committee level NDVI data from 2017 Landsat image. We found that neighborhood greenspaces have a positive relationship with older adults' physical exercise, thereby positively associates with their physical health. Moreover, greenspaces take a positive linkage with older adults' social interaction. Thus, greenspaces are positively associated with their mental wellness. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies. Yet, we plant that neighborhood greenspaces have no significant direct association with older adults' physical and mental wellness. Furthermore, we found that the level of social interaction is more significantly related to neighborhood greenspaces among low-income groups, and mental health is more significantly linked to the level of social interaction among local and unmarried groups. Based on the findings, we suggest that urban planners should design neighborhood greenspaces where the older adults tin can practice and communicate with each other. They tin also plant copse along sidewalks to provide desirable walking environment for seniors, and recreational infrastructures nether shaded trees to increase customs interactions among the older adults. Finally, they tin can develop greenspaces in communities with a loftier proportion of vulnerable elderly, specially for those that vest to low-income groups.

Data Availability Argument

The datasets presented in this article are non readily available because of institutional copyright issues. Requests to admission the datasets should be directed to Yuan Yuan, yuanyuan@mail service.sysu.edu.cn.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Schoolhouse of Geography and Planning, Lord's day Yat-sen Academy. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Writer Contributions

YY contributed to the conception and design of the study and is in charge of the project. YZ, YC, and SL contributed to data preparation, drove, and organisation. YZ performed the statistical analysis, structured, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. YY, YZ, and YC contributed to manuscript revision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Prc (Grant Nos. 51678577 and 41871161), by the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project (201804010241), by the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation and by the Guangdong Provincial Technical Innovation Program for the Tiptop Young Talents.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of whatever commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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